mathematics

mathematics

algebra
            the branch of mathematics that treats the representation and manip-ulation of relationships among numbers, values, vectors, etc. 


algorism

               1. the Arabic system of numbering.
               2. the method of computation with the Arabic figures 1 through 9, plus the zero; arithmetic.
               3. the rule for solving a specific kind of arithmetic problem, as finding an average; algorithm. 


algorithm
                any methodology for solving a certain kind of problem.


analogism
                 the construction of a proportion.


biometrics, biometry.
                               1. the calculation of the probable extent of human lifespans.
                               2. the application to biology of mathematical and statistical theory and methods. 


calculus
            a branch of mathematics that treats the measurement of changing quantities, determining rates of change (differential calculus) and quantities under changing conditions (integral calculus).


geodesy
              the branch of applied mathematics that studies the measurement and shape and area of large tracts, the exact position of geographical points, and the curvature, shape, and dimensions of the earth. Also called geodetics. 


geometry
                the branch of mathematics that treats the measurement, relationship, and properties of points, lines, angles, and figures in space.


isoperimetry
                     the study of figures that have perimeters of equal length.


logarithmomancy
                         a form of divination involving logarithms.

logistic
                Rare. the art or science of calculation or arithmetic.


mathematics
                     the systematic study of magnitude, quantitites, and their relationships as expressed symbolically in the form of numerals and forms.


metamathematics
                             the logical analysis of the fundamental concepts of mathematics, as function, number, etc. 


orthogonality
                      the state or quality of being right-angled or perpendicular. 


parallelism
                 the quality of being parallel.


philomathy
                 1. Rare. a love of learning.
                 2. a love of mathematics.


planimetry
                the geometry and measurement of plane surfaces.


polynomialism
              a mathematical expression having the quality of two or more terms.


porism
           Rare. a kind of geometrical proposition of ancient Greek mathematics arising during the investigation of some other proposition either as a corollary or as a condition that will render a certain problem indeterminate. 


Pythagoreanism, Pythagorism
                                           the doctrines and theories of Pythagoras, ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, and the Pythagoreans, especially number relationships in music theory, acoustics, astronomy, and geometry (the Pythagorean theorem for right triangles), a belief in metempsychosis, and mysticism based on numbers. 


quadratics
                the branch of algebra that deals with equations containing variables of the second power, i.e. squared, but no higher.


spheroidicity
                    the state of having a roughly spherical shape. Also called spheroidism, spheroidity.


statistology
                   Rare. a treatise on statistics.


theorematist
                    a person who discovers or formulates a mathematical theorem. 


topology
             a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of geometrical forms that remain invariant under certain transformations, as bending or stretching.


trigonometry
                    the branch of mathematics that treats the measurement of and relationships between the sides and angles of plane triangles and the solid figures derived from them. 

Physics related branches

Physics related branches
anisotropy
               the state or quality of having different properties along different axes. 


astaticism
                 the condition of constant, uninterrupted variability of direction or position. 


atomology
               the theory of atoms.


biophysics
                 the branch of physics that deals with living things. 


ceraunics
               the study of heat and electricity.


crystallography
                      the science that studies crystallization and the forms and structures of crystals.


diamagnetism
                      a property of certain materials of being repelled by both poles of a magnet, thus taking a position at right angles to the magnet’s lines of influence.


dynamometry
                     the measurement of energy used in doing work.


electrotropism
                     orientation in relation to a current of electricity.


energetics
               the branch of physics that studies energy and its transformation.



energism
               a doctrine that asserts that certain phenomena can be explained in terms of energy.


faradism
               the application of alternating electrical current for therapeutic purposes. 


focimetry
              the determination of focal length.


Franklinism
                   static electricity. Also called Franklinic electricity.


galvanism
                a direct electrical current, especially one produced by chemical action.


galvanology
                  a work on the production of electric current by chemical means.


galvanometry
                     the measurement of the strength of electric currents, by means of a galvanometer.


geophysics
                 the physics of the earth, including oceanography, volcanology, seismology etc


gyrostatics
                    the study of the behavior of rotating solid bodies.


halology
              Chemistry. the study of salts. Also called halotechny.


homeomorphism
                          the similarity of the crystalline forms of substances that have different chemical compositions. 


hydraulics
               1. the science concerned with the laws governing water and other liquids in motion and their engineering applications.
     
               2. applied or practical hydrodynamics.


hydrodynamics
                     the study of forces that act on or are produced by liquids. Also called hydromechanics.


hydrokinetics
                    the branch of hydrodynamics dealing with the laws of gases or liquids in motion.


hydromechanics
                      hydrodynamics.

hydrostatics
                    the study of the equilibrium and pressure of liquids. 


hygrometry
                  the branch of physics concerned with the measurement of moisture in the air.


isomorphism
                        close similarity between the forms of different crystals. See also biology. 


kinematics
                     the branch of mechanics that deals with motion without reference to force or mass. 


magnetology
                      the study of magnets and magnetism.


monosymmetry
                             the state exhibited by a crystal, having three unequal axes with one oblique intersection; the state of being monoclinic. See also biology. 


optotechnics
                     the technology of optical instruments and apparatus.


oscillography
                     the study of the wave-forms of changing currents, voltages, or any other quantity that can be translated into electricity, as light or sound waves. 


osmometry
                    the measurement of osmotic pressure, or the force a dissolved substance exerts on a semipermeable membrane through which it cannot pass when separated by it from a pure solvent.


physicism
               the doctrine that explains the universe in physical terms.


physics
             the science that studies matter and energy in terms of motion and force. 


plenism
             the theory that nature contains no vacuums.


pleochroism
                  a property of some crystals of showing variation in color when viewed in transmitted light or from different directions. Also called pleochromatism, polychroism, polychromatism.


pyrology
             the study of fire and heat, especially with regard to chemical analysis.


radiometry
                 the measurement of radiant energy by means of a radiometer, an instrument composed of vanes which rotate at speeds proportionate to the intensity of the energy source. 


radiophony
                 the transformation of radiant energy into sound.


spectrobolometry
                         measurement of the distribution of energy in a spectrum by means of a spectrobolometer, an instrument combining a bolometer and a spectroscope. 


staties
           the branch of mechanics or physics that deals with matter and forces in equilibrium. 


sympalmograph
                       an apparatus for illustrating in graphic form the composition of two simple harmonic motions at right angles.


telemechanics
                       the science of operating or controlling mechanisms by remote control, especially by radio.


thermionics
                  the science or study of the emission of electrons from substances at high temperatures.


thermostatics
                    the science or study of the equilibrium of heat.


tribology
                 the science and technology of friction, lubrication, and wear.


trichroism
                a property, peculiar to certain crystals, of transmitting light of three different colors when viewed from three different directions. Also called trichromatism.


trichromatism
                     the condition of having, using, or combining three colors.
                 
trochilics
                  Rare. the science of rotary motion.


vacuism
             the theory that nature permits vacuums. 


voltaism
             electricity generated by chemical means, as in a cell or battery.

physics

physics -
              the science of matter and energy and their interactions.


≡natural philosophy


↔phase space - (physics)
                                   an ideal space in which the coordinate dimensions represent the variables that are required to describe a system or substance; "a multidimensional phase space".


↔containment - (physics)
                                    a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactor.


↔hodoscope - (physics)
                                 scientific instrument that traces the path of a charged particle.


↔magnet - (physics)
                            a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field.


↔meniscus - (physics)

                                 the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube.


↔nuclear reactor, reactor - (physics)

                                                  any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements.


↔metastability -
                        the quality of a physical system that persists in its existing equilibrium when undisturbed (or only slightly disturbed) but able to pass to a more stable equilibrium when sufficiently disturbed.


↔isotropy, symmetry - (physics)
                                              the property of being isotropic; having the same value when measured in different directions.


↔wave-particle duality, duality - (physics)

                                                             the property of matter and electromagnetic radiation that is characterized by the fact that some properties can be explained best by wave theory and others by particle theory.


↔absorption factor, absorptivity - (physics)

                                                             the property of a body that determines the fraction of the incident radiation or sound flux absorbed or absorbable by the body.


↔reluctivity - (physics)              

                                the resistance of a material to the establishment of a magnetic field in it.


↔rest mass - (physics)
                               the mass of a body as measured when the body is at rest relative to an observer, an inherent property of the body.


↔relativistic mass - (physics)
                                        the mass of a body in motion relative to the observer: it is equal to the rest mass multiplied by a factor that is greater than 1 and that increases as the magnitude of the velocity increases.


↔gravitational mass - (physics)
                                             the mass of a body as measured by its gravitational attraction for other bodies.


↔inertial mass - (physics)

                                    the mass of a body as determined by the second law of motion from the acceleration of the body when it is subjected to a force that is not due to gravity.


↔mass energy - (physics)
                                    the mass of a body regarded relativistically as energy.


↔flux density, flux - (physics)
                                             the number of changes in energy flow across a given surface per unit area.


↔absorbance, optical density, photographic density, transmission density - (physics)
                 a measure of the extent to which a substance transmits light or other electromagnetic radiation.


↔quantum - (physics)

                              the smallest discrete quantity of some physical property that a system can possess (according to quantum theory).


↔attracter, attractor - (physics)
                                            a point in the ideal multidimensional phase space that is used to describe a system toward which the system tends to evolve regardless of the starting conditions of the system.


↔Bose-Einstein statistics - (physics)
                                                   statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply).


↔Dalton's law of partial pressures, law of partial pressures, Dalton's law - (chemistry and physics)

                                  law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature.


↔Boltzmann distribution law, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law - (physics)
                                                                                                          a 
law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium.


↔Fermi-Dirac statistics - (physics)
                                                 law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies).


↔Charles's law, Gay-Lussac's law, law of volumes - (physics)
                                                                                     the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature.



↔Hooke's law - (physics)
                                   the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced.


↔Kirchhoff's laws - (physics)
                                       two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero.


↔law of gravitation, Newton's law of gravitation - (physics)
                                                                                  the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.


↔law of thermodynamics - (physics)
                                                    a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system.
   ↔mass-energy equivalence - (physics)
                                                      the principle that a measured quantity of mass is equivalent (according to relativity theory) to a measured quantity of energy.


↔Planck's law - (physics)
                                   the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is given by Planck's constant.


2. physics - the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something; "he studied the physics of radiation"



≡physical science

↔natural science -
                           the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena.


↔acoustics -
                    the study of the physical properties of sound

Chemistry

chemistry –

                    the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions.

≡chemical science

↔electronegativity, negativity - (chemistry)

                                                            the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond.

↔atomic mass, atomic weight, relative atomic mass - (chemistry)

                                                                                          the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units.

↔molecular weight, relative molecular mass - (chemistry)

                                                                                the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule.

↔valence, valency - (chemistry)

                                           a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent).

↔pH, pH scale - (from potential of Hydrogen)

                                                                the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic).

↔Dalton's law of partial pressures, law of partial pressures, Dalton's law - (chemistry and physics)

                                  law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature.

↔distribution law - (chemistry)

                                           the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution.

↔equilibrium law, law of chemical equilibrium - (chemistry)

                                                                                   the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction.

↔Henry's law - (chemistry)

                                        law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases.

↔law of constant proportion, law of definite proportions - (chemistry)

                                                                                               law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight.

↔law of equivalent proportions, law of reciprocal proportions - (chemistry)

                                                                                                      law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together.

↔Dalton's law, law of multiple proportions - (chemistry)

                                                                               law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation.

↔law of mass action - (chemistry)

                                                 the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances.

↔Mendeleev's law, periodic law - (chemistry)

                                                               the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers .

↔natural science -

                           the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena.

↔chemoimmunology, immunochemistry -

                                                         the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens  and antibodies).

↔ Mendeleev's law -

                                                          the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies).

↔organic chemistry -

                              the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially).

↔inorganic chemistry -

                                 the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals.

↔physical chemistry -

                               the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances.

↔electrochemistry -

                                branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions.

↔femto chemistry - 

                           the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femto second laser pulses.

↔geochemistry -

                           the chemistry of the earth's crust.

↔photochemistry -

                                branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light.

↔nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry -

                                                   the chemistry of radioactive substances.

↔surface chemistry -

                               the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas).

↔atomist theory, atomistic theory, atomic theory, atomism - (chemistry)

                                                                                                    any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles; "the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus held atomic theories of the universe".

↔Arrhenius theory of dissociation, theory of dissociation, theory of electrolytic dissociation - (chemistry)

                                       theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water.

↔Ostwald's theory of indicators, theory of indicators - (chemistry)

                                                                                            the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation.