Full forms related to mechanical engineering

Related to mechanical engineering

CRDi       :- (Common Rail Direct Injection)

TDi         :- (Turbocharged Direct Ignition)

DTS-i      :- (Digital Twin Spark Ignition)

VTVT       :- (Variable Timing Valve Train)

MPFI       :- (Multi point fuel injection)

ABS        :- (Anti Lock Braking)

SOHC      :- ( Single OverHead Camshaft)

DOHC      :- (Double Overhead Camshaft)

SUV               :- (Sport Utility Vehicle)

MUV        :- (Multi Utility Vehicle)

SAE        :- (Society of Automotive Engineers)

HCV               :- (Heavy Commercial Vehicle)

LCV        :- (Light Commercial Vehicle)

CVTi        :- (Charged motion Variable Time Ignition)

CCVTI     :- (Controlled Combustion Variable Timing Ignition)

EBD               :- (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution)

BHP        :- ( Brake Horse Power)

BMEP      :- (Brake Mean Effective Pressure)

BSFC       :- (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

CC          :- (Cubic Capacity)

CDI         :- (Capacitor Discharge Ignition)

C.I ENGINE :- (Compression Ignition Engine)

CNG        :- (Compressed Natural Gas)

DFI         :- (Digital Fuel Injection)

DI ENGINE :- (Direct Injection Engine)

EC ENGINE :- (External Combustion Engine)

FHP         :- (Frictional Horse Power)

GVW       :- (Gross Vehicle Weight)

HVAC      :- (Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning)

IC ENGINE :- (Internal Combustion Engine)

IHP         :- (Indicated Horse Power)

IMEP       :- (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure)

ISFC       :- (Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption)

Kph        :- (Kilometer Per Hour)

Kpl         :- (Kilometer Per Liter)

OHV        :- (Over Head Valve)

SFC        :- (Specific Fuel Consumption)

SI ENGINE :- (Spark Ignition Engine)

VDB               :- (Ventilated Disc Brake)

VVTi        :- (Variable Valve Timing)

4WD       :- (Four Wheel Drive(FWD))

2WD       :- (Two Wheel Drive)

TC          :- (Traction Control)

ESC        :-(Electronic Stability Control)

FPEG       :-(Free Piston Engine Generator)

FULL FORMS RELATED TO C

FULL FORMS RELATED TO C

CA          :-    Chartered Accountant

CABE      :-   Central Advisory Board of Education

CACP       :-   Commission of Agriculture Cost and Price

CAD               :-    Command Area Development

CAG               :-    Controller of Auditor General

CAIR       :-    Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

CAPART   :-Council for People’s Action and Advancement of Rural                                                                        Technology

CAPES     :-   Computer-Aided Paperless Examination System

CAR        :-   Capital adequacy ratio

CARE      :-    Credit Analysis & Research Ltd.

CAS        :-Conditional Access System

:-Chief of Army Staff

:-Chief of Air Staff

CASE      :-    Commission for Alternative Sources of Energy

CAT        :- Control for Advance Technology

              :- Central Administrative Tribunal

CAZRL     :-    Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CB          :-   Citizen Band (Radio)

CBDT      :-    Central Board of Direct Taxes

CBI         :- Central Bureau of Investigation

                     :- Crime Branch of India

CBFC       :-   Central Board of Film Certification

CBS        :-   Core banking solution

CBSE      :-    Central Board of Secondary Education

CC          :-   Cash Credit

CCEA      :-    Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs

CCI         :- Consumer Confidence Index

              :- Cricket Club of India

CCIC       :-    Central Cottage Industries Corporation

CCIL       :-   Clearing Corporation of India limited

CCL        :-    Central Coal-fields Limited

CCIT       :-    Comprehensive Convention on International                                                                                  Terrorism

CCPA       :-   Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs

CCS        :-    Cabinet Committee on Security

CD          :- Certificate of Deposit

              :- compact disc

              :- Conference on Disarmament

C-DAC     :-    Centre for Development of Advance Computing

CDC        :-    Consulting Development Centre

CDMA      :-   Code Division Multiple Access

CDRL      :-    Central Drug Research Institute

CDS        :-    Compulsory Deposit Scheme

CDSL      :-   Central Securities Depository Limited

CEA        :-    Central Electrical Authority

CECA      :-   Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement

CENTO    :-    Central Treaty Organization

CEPA       :-   Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

CERN      :-    Council European Organization for Nuclear Research                                                  (Pronounced CERN in French)

CFC        :-   Chlorofluro Carbon

CFRI       :-    Central Fuel Research Institute

CFS        :-   Container Freight Station

CFTRI      :-    Central Food Technological Research Institute

CGCRI     :-    Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute

CGWB     :-    Central Ground Water Board

CHOGM   :-    Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

CIA         :-   Central Intelligence Agency (of U.S.A.)

CIBIL      :-   Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd

CIC         :-   Chief Information Commissioner

C-in-C     :-   Commander-in-Chief

CID         :-    Criminal Investigation Department

Cif          :-   cost, insurance and freight

CIFT       :-    Committee on Invisible Financing Related Trade

CII          :-   Confederation of Indian Industry

CIMA       :-    Centre of International Modern Art

CIRDAP   :-    Council of Integrated Rural Development for Asia                                                                  and the Pacific

CIRTES :- Central Institute for Research and Training in                                                                             Employment Services

CIS         :-    Commonwealth of Independent States

CISF       :-    Central Industrial Security Force

CITES     :-   Convention on International Trade in Endangered                                                                             Species

CITU       :-    Centre of Indian Trade Union

CIWTC    :-    Central Inland Water Transport Corporation

CLASP     :-    Child Labour Action and Support Project

CLASS     :-   Computer Literacy and Studies in Schools

CLAWS    :-   Centre for Land Warfare Studies

                                                                   

CM          :- Command Module

              :-Chief Minister

CMC        :-    Cauri Monitoring Committee

CMAG      :-    Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group

CMAL      :-    Coal Mines Authority Limited

CMDRO   :-    Central Marine Design Research Organization

CMMACS :- Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer                                                                             Simulation

CMP        :-   Common Minimum Program

CMYK      :-   Cyan Magenta Yellow Kinda(Black)

CMPDI     :-    Central Mine Planning and Design Institute

CMS        :-    Central Monitoring Series

Cnc         :-    computer numerical control

CNG        :-    Compressed Natural Gas

CNN        :-   Cable News Network

CNN-IBN   :-   Cable News Network-Indian Broadcasting Network

CNS        :-   Chief of the Naval Staff

CO          :- Capital Outlay

              :- Commanding Officer

C/o         :-   Care of

COD        :-    Central Ordinance Depot

              :-    Cash on Delivery

CODESA :-    Convention for a Democratic South Africa

COFEPOSA :- Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of                                                                       Smuggling Act

COSPAR   :-    Committee On Space Research

COPU      :-    Committee on Public Undertaking (under Parliament)

CORE      :-    Congress on Racial Equality

CP          :-   Commercial Paper

CPCB       :-    Central Pollution Control Board

CPCRI     :-    Central Plantation Crops Research Institute

CPI         :-   Consumer Price Index

CPI         :-   Communist Party of India

CPI(M)    :-   Communist Party of India (Marxists)

CPI (AL)  :-   Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labors.

CPI (IW)  :-   Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers

CPI (RL)  :-   Consumer Price Index for Rural Labourers

CPI (UNME):-   The Consumer Price Index for Urban Non-Manual                                                                             Employees.

 CPO        :-    Central Passport Organization

CPRI       :-    Central Power Research Institute

CPU        :-   Central Processing Unit

CR          :-   Capital Receipts

CRAC      :-   Cyber Regulation Advisory Council

CRAR      :-   Capital to Risk Weighted Asset Ratio

CRDi       :-   Common Rail Direct injection

CRISIL    :-   Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited

CRM        :-   Customer Relationship Management

CRP        :-    Central Reserve Police

CRPF              :-   Central Reserve Police Force

CRR        :-    Cash Reserve Ratio

CSE        :-    Centre for Science and Environment

CSCE      :-    Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

CSIR       :-    Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CST        :- Central Sales Tax

                     :- Chatrapati Shivaji Terminas

CTBT       :-   Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

CTEPC     :-    Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council

CTS        :-    Computerised Tomography Scanner

CTT        :-   Commodities Transaction Tax

COCA      :-    Control of Organized Crime Act

CVC        :-    Central Vigilance Commission

CVR        :-    Cockpit Voice Recorder

CVRDE    :-    Combat Vehicles Research and Development                                                                         Establishment

CRDI (Common Rail Direct Injection)

Introduction

       CRDi stands for Common Rail Direct Injection meaning, direct injection of the fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine via a single, common line, called the common rail which is connected to all the fuel injectors.

    Whereas ordinary diesel direct fuel-injection systems have to build up pressure anew for each and every injection cycle, the new common rail (line) engines maintain constant pressure regardless of the injection sequence. This pressure then remains permanently available throughout the fuel line. The engine's electronic timing regulates injection pressure according to engine speed and load. The electronic control unit (ECU) modifies injection pressure precisely and as needed, based on data obtained from sensors on the cam and crankshafts. In other words, compression and injection occur independently of each other. This technique allows fuel to be injected as needed, saving fuel and lowering emissions.

     More accurately measured and timed mixture spray in the combustion chamber significantly reducing unburned fuel gives CRDi the potential to meet future emission guidelines such as Euro V. CRDi engines are now being used in almost all Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Hyundai, Ford and many other diesel automobiles.

History

     The common rail system prototype was developed in the late 1960s by Robert Huber of Switzerland and the technology further developed by Dr. Marco Ganser at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, later of Ganser-Hydromag AG (est.1995) in Oberägeri. The first successful usage in a production vehicle began in Japan by the mid-1990s. Modern common rail systems, whilst working on the same principle, are governed by an engine control unit (ECU) which opens each injector electronically rather than mechanically. This was extensively prototyped in the 1990s with collaboration between Magneti Marelli, Centro Ricerche Fiat and Elasis. The first passenger car that used the common rail system was the 1997 model Alfa Romeo 156 2.4 JTD, and later on that same year Mercedes-Benz C 220 CDI.

     Common rail engines have been used in marine and locomotive applications for some time. The Cooper-Bessemer GN-8 (circa 1942) is an example of a hydraulically operated common rail diesel engine, also known as a modified common rail. Vickers used common rail systems in submarine engines circa 1916. Early engines had a pair of timing cams, one for ahead running and one for astern. Later engines had two injectors per cylinder, and the final series of constant-pressure turbocharged engines were fitted with four injectors per cylinder. This system was used for the injection of both diesel oil and heavy fuel oil (600cSt heated to a temperature of approximately 130 °C). The common rail system is suitable for all types of road cars with diesel engines, ranging from city cars such as the Fiat Nuova Panda to executive cars such as the Audi A6.

Operating Principle

     Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make possible fine electronic control over the fuel injection time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the common rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisation. In order to lower engine noise, the engine's electronic control unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injection event ("pilot" injection), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibration, as well as optimizing injection timing and quantity for variations in fuel quality, cold starting and so on. Some advanced common rail fuel systems perform as many as five injections per stroke.

     Common rail engines require very short (< 10 second) or no heating-up time at all , dependent on ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissions than older systems. Diesel engines have historically used various forms of fuel injection. Two common types include the unit injection system and the distributor/inline pump systems (See diesel engine and unit injector for more information). While these older systems provided accurate fuel quantity and injection timing control, they were limited by several factors:

• They were cam driven, and injection pressure was proportional to engine speed. This typically meant that the highest injection pressure could only be achieved at the highest engine speed and the maximum achievable injection pressure decreased as engine speed decreased. This relationship is true with all pumps, even those used on common rail systems; with the unit or distributor systems, however, the injection pressure is tied to the instantaneous pressure of a single pumping event with no accumulator, and thus the relationship is more prominent and troublesome.

• They were limited in the number and timing of injection events that could be commanded during a single combustion event. While multiple injection events are possible with these older systems, it is much more difficult and costly to achieve.

• For the typical distributor/inline system, the start of injection occurred at a pre-determined pressure (often referred to as: pop pressure) and ended at a pre-determined pressure. This characteristic resulted from "dummy" injectors in the cylinder head which opened and closed at pressures determined by the spring preload applied to the plunger in the injector. Once the pressure in the injector reached a pre-determined level, the plunger would lift and injection would start.

     In common rail systems, a high-pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure — up to and above 2,000 bars (psi). The term "common rail" refers to the fact that all of the fuel injectors are supplied by a common fuel rail which is nothing more than a pressure accumulator where the fuel is stored at high pressure. This accumulator supplies multiple fuel injectors with high-pressure fuel. This simplifies the purpose of the high-pressure pump in that it only has to maintain a commanded pressure at a target (either mechanically or electronically controlled). The fuel injectors are typically ECU-controlled. When the fuel injectors are electrically activated, a hydraulic valve (consisting of a nozzle and plunger) is mechanically or hydraulically opened and fuel is sprayed into the cylinders at the desired pressure. Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator (rail), thus producing a square injection rate. If the accumulator, pump and plumbing are sized properly, the injection pressure and rate will be the same for each of the multiple injection events.

Advantages

     CRDi engines are advantageous in many ways. Cars fitted with this new engine technology are believed to deliver 25% more power and torque than the normal direct injection engine. It also offers superior pick up, lower levels of noise and vibration, higher mileage, lower emissions, lower fuel consumption, and improved performance.

      In India, diesel is cheaper than petrol and this fact adds to the credibility of the common rail direct injection system.

Disadvantages

    Like all good things have a negative side, this engine also have few disadvantages. The key disadvantage of the CRDi engine is that it is costly than the conventional engine. The list also includes high degree of engine maintenance and costly spare parts. Also this technology can’t be employed to ordinary engines.

Applications

     The most common applications of common rail engines are marine and locomotive applications. Also, in the present day they are widely used in a variety of car models ranging from city cars to premium executive cars.

     Some of the Indian car manufacturers who have widely accepted the use of common rail diesel engine in their respective car models are the Hyundai Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Fiat, General Motors, Honda Motors, and the Skoda. In the list of luxury car manufacturers, the Mercedes-Benz and BMW have also adopted this advanced engine technology. All the car manufacturers have given their own unique names to the common CRDi engine system.

     However, most of the car manufacturers have started using the new engine concept and are appreciating the long term benefits of the same. The technology that has revolutionized the diesel engine market is now gaining prominence in the global car industry.

     CRDi technology revolutionized diesel engines and also petrol engines (by introduction of GDI technology).

     By introduction of CRDi a lot of advantages are obtained, some of them are, more power is developed, increased fuel efficiency, reduced noise, more stability, pollutants are reduced, particulates of exhaust are reduced, exhaust gas recirculation is enhanced, precise injection timing is obtained, pilot and post injection increase the combustion quality, more pulverization of fuel is obtained, very high injection pressure can be achieved, the powerful microcomputer make the whole system more perfect, it doubles the torque at lower engine speeds. The main disadvantage is that this technology increase the cost of the engine. Also this technology can’t be employed to ordinary engines

Uses in : Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Hyundai, Ford

Reference video : https://youtu.be/jDRa1cSJhSQ

                          https://youtu.be/7yy27APhpHA